R.P. Butler, G.W. Marcy
San Francisco State University and UC Berkeley
Current spectroscopic techniques yield Doppler-shift errors of 10 to 50 , barely adequate to detect reflex velocities caused by jupiter-like and lower-mass planets. We describe a technique which yields relative radial velocity errors of 3 . This technique makes use of a fast echelle spectrograph at resolution of R=62,000 and a large format CCD which acquires the entire visible and near IR spectrum in each exposure. Starlight is sent through an iodine absorption cell placed at the spectrometer entrance slit. The resulting superimposed iodine lines provide a fiducial wavelength scale against which to measure radial velocity shifts. The shapes of iodine lines convey the PSF of the spectrometer to account for changes in spectrometer optics and illumination on all time scales. We construct a model of each observed spectrum by multiplying a stellar spectrum with an iodine spectrum and convolving the result with the spectrometer PSF. The free parameters of the model include the wavelength scale, spectrometer PSF, and stellar Doppler shift. All model parameters are derived anew for each exposure and the synthesis is done on a grid of CCD sub-pixels, using spline functions as interpolation predictors. We continue a 9 year survey of 120 solar type stars at Lick Observatory, and we have just begun a survey of 400 different solar type stars at the Keck Observatory. To date, five planets have been discovered from the Lick Observatory project.